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| Palm Springs, California |
Palm Springs is a famed Riverside County, California, desert resort city, approximately 110 miles east of Los Angeles. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 42,807. Palm Springs contains some of the world's most famous golf courses. Swimming, tennis, horseback riding, and hiking in the nearby desert and mountain areas are other major forms of recreation in Palm Springs. It is one of nine adjacent cities that make up the Coachella Valley (Palm Springs area). The area code for Palm Springs is 760. The ZIP codes for Palm Springs are 92262 through 92264.
Once known as the "Playground of the Stars," Palm Springs is a small city with the legacy, amenities, and history of a large, cosmopolitan city. Palm Springs lies at the foot of one of Southern California's most majestic mountain peaks, 10,834-foot-tall Mount San Jacinto, whose eastern flank abuts downtown. |
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| Palm Springs - Early History |
The Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians is composed of two lineages of Cahuilla Indians (panik and kauasik) whose traditional territories encompass modern day Palm Springs. The Agua Caliente Indian Reservation was established by the United States Government in 1876 and 1877. The reservation occupies 32,000 acres, of which 6,700 acres lie within the city limits. Agua Caliente Indian Reservation lands were granted in alternating squares laid out in a checkerboard pattern. This alternating checkerboard pattern was originally granted by the United States Government to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the open desert. The majority of reservation's lands are not communally owned by the tribe, but are instead allotted to and owned by individual tribal members -- a result of the 1947 Lee Arenas Decision.1 Reservation lands, whether individually allotted or communally owned by the tribe, are held in trust by the United States.
The Cahuilla name for the area was "Se-Khi" (hot springs). Spanish explorers named the area "Agua Caliente" (hot water). The current name for the area, "Palm Springs," was likewise preceded by the name "Palm City" which appeared on the town's first official survey map. References to "springs" and "hot water" in historical place-names revolve around the hot spring waters located beneath Indian Canyon Way at Tahquitz Canyon Way, which are pumped and redirected to spa facilities at the same location. The hot spring has played an important role throughout the history of the tribe and the City. According to Cahuilla mythology, the hot spring is a place of power and healing where nukatem (powerful beings) dwell and a source from which shamans obtained their power.2 The hot spring and its health-giving properties would over time shape Palm Springs' image as a health resort. References to "palm" in historical place-names refer to the native Washingtonia filifera palms which grow in abundance in the Indian canyons.
John Guthrie McCallum is often erroneously cited as being a judge and Palm Springs' first white resident, of which he was neither. Jack Summers, a stagecoach driver, arrived at Agua Caliente in about 1863 to replace William McCoy as stage coach station keeper.3 These two individuals constitute the town's first white residents. McCallum would not arrive until the 1880s, ostensibly to find a healthful climate for his tubercular son, but instead used his status as a federal Indian Agent (1883-1885) to launch a career as land developer and promoter, having recognized the potential of Palm Springs as a health resort and for its agricultural potential. He quickly joined with other promoters and with them took possession of some of the most desirable lands in the area, especially those with a water supply. Although it was the duty of Indian Agents to inform Indians of their rights and to act as their advocate, McCallum instead withheld legal information from the Cahuilla which stated that "bona fide" settlers (both Indians and whites) had a right to claim homesteads existing prior to the taking of lands for the Southern Pacific Railroad.4 This law required such claims to be filed by a given time. Unaware of this requirement, no Cahuilla claims were filed, resulting in a devastating loss of traditional Indian land and property.
By May 1876, the Southern Pacific Railroad had constructed a train station at Seven Palms at a distance of seven miles from Agua Caliente. Many Cahuilla had been active in the railroad's construction, replacing Chinese laborers who had died in the desert heat. Seven Palms Station was known as the "Station from Hell" due to its isolated, windy location. The presence of the train, like the stagecoach line that preceded it, opened up Agua Caliente (Palm Springs) to the world. At about this same time, the Palm Springs Hotel and a rustic bathhouse were established in the vicinity of the Section 14 hot spring.
1 Winner of Major Indian Land Case Dies (7/23/1966), Press Enterprise Newspaper.
2 Stories and Legends of the Palm Springs Indians (1943), Francisco Patencio.
3 Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Ethnohistoric Investigations at Tahquitz Canyon (1995), Lowell John Bean, Jerry Schaefer, & Sylvia Brakke Vane.
4 Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Ethnohistoric Investigations at Tahquitz Canyon (1995), Lowell John Bean, Jerry Schaefer, & Sylvia Brakke Vane. |
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| Palm Springs - Mid Century Period |
Palm Springs' heyday is generally considered to be the 1930s to 1970s. Before then, the town had been a popular winter getaway for rich families from the East Coast and Midwest. But it was Hollywood's adoption of Palm Springs as a very public playground that put it on the covers of Life and the movie fan magazines and created its reputation for glamour, wealth, healthy outdoor living, and relaxation. Palm Springs came to be a favorite destination, if only seasonally, for many of Hollywood's most glamorous stars, and the list of actors, directors, and producers who had houses there, mostly in the Las Palmas and Movie Colony neighborhoods, includes Clark Gable, Al Jolson, Greta Garbo, Cary Grant, Gloria Swanson, Steve McQueen, Howard Hughes, Jack Warner, the Marx Brothers, Donna Reed, Bob Hope, Elvis Presley, Liberace, Debbie Reynolds, Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Dinah Shore, Sonny Bono {former mayor}, Cher, Kirk Douglas, Jack Benny, Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin. In addition, several U.S. presidents, including Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and George W. Bush, have visited, and Gerald Ford had a house in nearby Rancho Mirage.
Palm Springs' famous "playground of the stars" tagline has its origins from this period, when celebrities and the Hollywood elite flocked to Palm Springs to see and be seen in one of its many nightclubs, country clubs, hotels, poolsides, and restaurants. Charles Farrell's Racquet Club (opened with fellow actor Ralph Bellamy), the Hotel Mirador, Irwin Schuman's Chi Chi nightclub, George and Ethel Strebe's Doll House nightclub, Irwin and Mark Schuman's Riviera Hotel, Vic Sudaha's Palm House restaurant, the Foldesy family's Polynesian restaurant, Palm Springs Hotel, Trader Vic's restaurant, Aloha Jhoe's restaurant and bar, Tom O'Donnell's golf course, the Deep Well Guest Ranch, the Desert Inn, the Del Tahquitz hotel, and the Oasis hotel were some of the more popular destinations.
In a less glamorous light, the mid-century period was also marked by a two significant events which exposed elements of the City's underlying problems with corruption, racism, and poverty.
In 1959, a landmark decision by the Secretary of the Interior equalized allotted Indian lands, thereby setting the stage for development of Indian lands within the City of Palm Springs. This same ruling, however, recognizing the potential value of Indian lands within the boundaries of a world famous resort, also called for the appointment of conservators and guardians to "protect" Indians and their estates from "artful and designing persons"5 who might otherwise cheat them out of their properties, which could now be legally sold by the individual tribal members who owned them. By declaring Indians as "incompetent," court-appointed conservators and guardians took control of a majority of Indian estates. A major oversight of the program was the appointment of judges, lawyers, and business people as Indian conservators and guardians -- the very people the program sought to protect Indians and their estates from. The program was administered by the Indio Superior Court's Judge Hilton McCabe, subject of the Ed Ainsworth's Golden Checkerboard. Bolstered by the ability to control valuable Indian estates, the conservatorship program fostered corruption among those conservators and administrators with their own economic agendas. A series of Pulitzer Prize winning Press Enterprise articles authored by journalist George Ringwald exposed such instances of excessive fees, fee-splitting, and other types of questionable conduct.6 The conservatorship program was officially ended in 1968 after the Secretary of the Interior's Palm Springs Task Force likewise exposed it as fraudulent and corrupt.7
In 1962, the City of Palm Springs formally initiated an urban renewal project8 which sought to redevelop Section 14 -- a residential enclave made up largely of low-income, African-Americans working in the local service industry. (Section 14 at this time was quickly becoming one of the City's most valuable properties after tribal land allotment equalization occurred in 1959 and by means of radical changes taking place in Indian land lease laws.) According to Ryan M. Kray's award winning article on the subject entitled, "The Path to Paradise: Expropriation, Exodus, and Exclusion in the making of Palm Springs"9 , by orchestrating cooperation among the Association of Conservators and Guardians and the Bureau of Indian Affairs10 , the City cleverly maneuvered around legal restrictions which otherwise limited its power to pursue an urban renewal program on Indian owned lands. The result of this indirect, legally questionable approach to Section 14 urban renewal was disastrous. Conservators and guardians in charge of Indian estates, made up largely of judges, lawyers, and business people with a vested interest in rapid development, were asked to give preliminary condemnation notices to residents and owners of properties on Section 14. However, in many cases, homes were dismantled and burned without any notice given. Residents were forced to relocate to windswept, defunct housing tract on the outskirts of town, where many still live today.11 Loren Miller, in a 1968 investigative report prepared for the California Department of Justice, described the urban renewal program as a "city engineered holocaust."12 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), active in hearings at the time of the program, has asked the City of Palm Springs for an apology but has not received one to date.13 This fact is especially notable after the city elected its first African-American mayor, Ron Oden, in 2003.
5Land Problems and Solutions of the Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians, Palm Springs, California (11/1961), Hilton H. McCabe, Indio Superior Court.
6Agua Caliente Indians and Their Guardians, The (1968), George Ringwald, Press Enterprise.
7Final Report of the Palm Springs Task Force ("The Cox Report") (1968), Palm Springs Task Force (Secretary of the Interior).
8Palm Springs City Council Notes: Resolution #6781 (2/19/1962), City of Palm Springs Office of the Registrar.
9Kray, Ryan M. (2004),"The Path to Paradise: Expropriation, Exodus, and Exclusion in the making of Palm Springs", Pacific Historical Review, 73, n.1 (February, 2004), 85-126
10Cover letter accompanying a copy of Resolution #6781 addressed to the Association of Conservators and Guardians (2/26/1962), City of Palm Springs City Council.
11Wounds Inflicted by Section 14 Remain (12/9/2001), Desert Sun Newspaper.
12Section 14 Demolition [of Minority Homes] (1968), Loren Miller (California Department of Justice). 13 Local NAACP Demands Apology (11/3/2000), Desert Sun Newspaper. |
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| Palm Springs - Modern Renaissance |
As the 1970s drew to a close, increasing numbers of retirees began moving to the Coachella Valley. As a result, Palm Springs began to evolve from a winter resort that became a virtual ghost town each summer into a year-round retirement community. Businesses and hotels that formerly shuttered for July and August started staying open all summer. As commerce grew, so too did the number of families with children. However, in general the 1970s and 1980s were a period of economic decline for Palm Springs.
The City began to show signs of economic recovery in the 1990s. Mid-century houses built in an architectural style now fashionable again began selling for many times their 1980s asking prices. Ironically, it was the economic stagnation of the 1970s and 1980s that preserved much of Palm Springs' mid-century architectural heritage. The decade or so from the late 1990s to the present has been a period of architectural renovation and preservation, due in great part to an influx of young, urban expatriates with an appreciation for mid-century design. Businesses, inns, and other enterprises have in turn begun catering to the tastes of these new arrivals, heralding a mid-century modern renaissance.
Contributing to Palm Springs' economic revival has been the arrival of Indian gaming. In addition to the creation of a broad employment base and the development of a new type of local tourism (gambling), the tribe contributes a percentage of its profits to philanthropic causes and local infrastructure, such as the Palm Springs Fire Department, Palm Springs Public Library, and Boys and Girls Club of the Coachella Valley.
Palm Springs has also become a popular travel destination for gay men and lesbian women. Restaurants, nightclubs, resorts, hotels, retailers, and other businesses cater to the gay community, similarly adding to the city's recent economic boom, infrastructure, and to its diversification. |
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| Palm Springs - Architecture |
Palm Springs is notable for having the highest concentration of mid-century modern architecture in the United States and was recently recognized by the National Trust for Historic Preservation for its dedication to preserving mid-century modern architecture. However, destruction of period architecture in favor of new business enterprises continues to be a source of contention between developers and organizations committed to the preservation of historic structures. A contemporary example of this struggle is the controversy concerning the Wessman Development Company's desire to demolish the Town & Country Center designed by architects A. Quincy Jones and Paul R. Williams.
The post-war era period drew famed architects such as John Lautner, Richard Neutra, Rudolf Schindler, William Cody, Albert Frey, Donald Wexler, and E. Stewart Williams to Palm Springs. Anchored in the Bauhaus movement, such architects adapted modern materials, techniques, and floor plans to the unique requirements of desert living. Inspired by the starkness and beauty of the desert, an aesthetic popularly known as Desert Modernism was born. Notable for its use of glass, clean lines, natural and manmade materials, and indoor/outdoor spaces, Desert Modernism defined a lifestyle of elegant informality.
Iconic modernist structures in Palm Springs include Albert Frey's Tramway Gas Station, Donald Wexler's airport [1], E. Stewart Williams' Coachella Savings & Loan, Richard Neutra's Kaufmann House, and Palmer & Krisel's House of Tomorrow.
A home developer, the Alexander Construction Company, popularized a modernist post-and-beam architectural style during this period. Alexander houses feature low pitched roofs, wide eaves, open-beamed ceilings and floor-to-ceiling windows to create an indoor/outdoor ambiance most suitable for private, pool-side living in a desert climate. The Alexanders built over 2,200 houses in the Coachella Valley between 1947 and 1965 and played an important role in securing Palm Springs' a place in modernist history.
Students and aficionados of mid-century architecture and design come to Palm Springs to study and pay homage to its unique heritage. A number of local organizations have also been formed in recent years to advocate this heritage and to help preserve it, ensuring that Palm Springs' architectural legacy can be appreciated by future generations. |
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| Palm Springs - Local Destinations/Websites |
The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies -
The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies stage-show spectacular brings one of the last of the authentic vaudeville shows still presented in the United States; one of the unique aspects of the show is that all of the performers are over the age of 55. The follies show is largely patronized by an older crowd to which it caters its similarly antiquated brand of humor.
The Agua Caliente Cultural Museum -
The Agua Caliente Cultural Museumis a non-profit organization interpreting the history and culture of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians and other Cahuilla peoples. Located on the Village Green in downtown Palm Springs, its collections include an Indian basketry collection and other Native American cultural artifacts. The ACCM will open a new facility on Tahquitz Canyon Way in late 2008.
The Palm Springs Air Museum -
The Palm Springs Air Museum is a non-profit educational institution whose mission is to exhibit and educate about World War II combat aircraft and the role the air crews had in achieving this great victory. The museum has the largest collection of World War II military aircraft in the world as well as other World War II historical items like photographs and videos. The collection is not limited to airplanes, it hosts many automobiles from the 1920s and 1930s as well. The museum is over 70,000 square feet and many of the tour guides are former pilots that want to share their knowledge of aviation to all of the visitors to the Palm Springs Air Musem. |
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "Palm Springs". |
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